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Illusion - Is Seeing Really Believing?
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Illusion - Is Seeing Really Believing (1998)(Marshall Media)[Mac-PC].iso
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00144_Field_frep121.txt
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1996-12-30
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115 lines
The surface of the cortex is
plotted on the x-y plane in this
three dimensional map; the
vertical (z) axis represents
orientation. If for all directions
of electrode tracks straight line
orientation-versus-distance
plots are produced, the surface
generated will be a plane, and
intersections of the surface
(whether planar or not) with
the x-y plane, and planes
parallel to it, will give contour
lines. (This sounds more
complicated than it is! The
same reasoning applies if the x-
y plane is the surface of Tierra
del Fuego and the z axis
represents altitude or average
rainfall in January or
temperature.)
Orientations would then be
represented on a surface such
as the tilted plane in this
illustration, in cases where the
graphs were straight lines, and
otherwise on some kind of
curved surface. In this three-
dimensional graph horizontal
planes (the x-y plane or planes
parallel to it) would intersect
this surface in lines, contour
lines of constant orientation
(iso-orientation lines)
analogous to lines of constant
height in a contour map in
geography. Undulations--hills,
valleys, ridges--in the 3-D
graph would give reversals in
some orientation-versus-
distance plots; sudden breaks
in the form of cliffs would lead
to the fractures. The main
message from this argument is
that regions of regularity imply
the possibility of plotting a
contour map, which means that
regions of constant
orientation, seen looking down
on the cortex from above, must
be stripes. Because orientations
plotted in vertical penetrations
through the cortex are
constant, the regions in three
dimensions must be slabs. And
because the iso-orientation
lines may curve, the slabs need
not be flat like slices of bread.
Much of this has been
demonstrated directly in
experiments making two or
three parallel penetrations less
than a millimeter apart, and
the three-dimensional form
has been reconstructed at least
over those tiny volumes.
If our reasoning is right,
occasional penetrations should
occur in the same direction as
contour lines, and orientation
should be constant. This does
happen, but not very often.
That, too, is what we would
predict, because trigonometry
tells us that a small departure
from a contour line, in a
penetration's direction, gives a
rather large change in slope, so
that few graphs of orientation
versus distance should be very
close to horizontal.
The number of degrees of
orientation represented in a
square millimeter of cortex
should be given by the steepest
slopes that we find. This is
about 400 degrees per
millimeter, which means a full
complement of 180 degrees of
orientation in about 0.5
millimeter. This is a number to
have in mind when we return
to contemplate the topography
of the cortex and its striking
uniformity. Here, I cannot
resist pointing out that the
thickness of a pair of ocular-
dominance columns is 0.4 plus
0.4 millimeter, or roughly 1
millimeter, double, but about
the same order of magnitude, as
the set of orientation slabs.
Deoxyglucose mapping was
soon seized on as a direct way of
determining orientation-
column geometry. We simply
stimulated with parallel
stripes, keeping orientation
constant, say vertical, for the
entire period of stimulation.